# 11 I/O Formatting

A format appearing in an input or output (I/O) statement specifies the form of data being transferred and the data conversion (editing) required to achieve that form. The format specified can be explicit or implicit.

Explicit format is indicated in a format specification that appears in a FORMAT statement or a character expression (the expression must evaluate to a valid format specification).

The format specification contains edit descriptors, which can be data edit descriptors, control edit descriptors, or string edit descriptors.

Implicit format is determined by the processor and is specified using list-directed or namelist formatting.

List-directed formatting is specified with an asterisk (*); namelist formatting is specified with a namelist group name.

List-directed formatting can be specified for advancing sequential files and internal files. Namelist formatting can be specified only for advancing sequential files.

This chapter contains information on the following topics:

- Format specifications (Section 11.1)
- Data edit descriptors (Section 11.2)
- Control edit descriptors (Section 11.3)
- Character string edit descriptors (Section 11.4)
- Nested and group repeat specifications (Section 11.5)
- Variable Format Expressions (Section 11.6)
- Printing of formatted records (Section 11.7)
- Interaction between FORMAT statements and I/O lists (Section 11.8)

For More Information:

- On list-directed input, see Section 10.3.1.2; output, see Section 10.5.1.2.
- On namelist input, see Section 10.3.1.3; output, see Section 10.5.1.3.

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