Document revision date: 30 March 2001

## OpenVMS Debugger Manual

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    %DEBUG-I-NOGLOBALS, some or all global symbols not accessible

The previous message indicates that the only global symbol information available during the debugging session is stored in the DST.

These concepts are discussed in later sections. In particular, see Section 5.4 for additional information related to debugging shareable images.

### 5.1.4 Controlling Symbol Information in Debugged Images

Symbol records occupy space within the executable image. After you debug your program, you might want to link it again without using the /DEBUG qualifier to make the executable image smaller. This creates an image with only traceback data in the DST and with a GST.

The LINK/NOTRACEBACK command enables you to secure the contents of an image from users after it has been debugged. Use this command for images that are to be installed with privileges (see the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual and the OpenVMS System Management Utilities Reference Manual). When you use the /NOTRACEBACK qualifier with the LINK command, no symbolic information (including traceback data) is passed to the image.

### 5.1.5 Creating Separate Symbol Files (Alpha Only)

On Alpha systems, you can LINK your program with the /DSF qualifier to create a separate file that contains symbol information. By default, the symbol file has the same file name as the executable file created by the LINK utility, and has file type .DSF. For example:

    $ CC/DEBUG/NOOPTIMIZE TESTPROGRAM.C
    $ LINK/DSF TESTPROGRAM
    $ DEFINE DBG$IMAGE_DSF_PATH SYS$DISK:[]
    $ DEBUG/KEEP TESTPROGRAM

This example does the following:

1. Compiles TESTPROGRAM.C
2. Creates TESTPROGRAM.EXE and TESTPROGRAM.DSF
3. Defines logical name DBG$IMAGE_DSF_PATH as the current directory
4. Invokes the kept debugger

This procedure allows you to create smaller executable files and still have global symbol information available for debugging. Certain applications, such as installed resident files, require that the executable not contain symbol tables. In addition, .DSF files allow you to deliver executable files without symbol tables to customers, but retain separate .DSF files for future debugging needs.

Note For ease of debugging, use the /NOOPTIMIZE qualifer (if possible) when compiling the program. See Section 14.1 for information about debugging optimized code.

Debugging an executable file that has a separate symbol (.DSF) file requires the following:

- The name of the .DSF file must match the name of the .EXE file being debugged.
- You must define DBG$IMAGE_DSF_PATH to point to the directory that contains the .DSF file.

See the OpenVMS Linker Utility Manual for more information about using the /DSF qualifier.

## 5.2 Setting and Canceling Modules

You need to set a module if the debugger is unable to locate a symbol that you have specified (for example, a variable name X) and issues a message as in the following example:

    DBG> EXAMINE X
    %DEBUG-E-NOSYMBOL, symbol 'X' is not in the symbol table
    DBG>

This section explains module setting, and the conditions under which you might need to set or cancel a module, using the SET MODULE and CANCEL MODULE commands.

When you compile and link your program using the /DEBUG command qualifier, as explained in Section 5.1, complete symbol information is passed from the program's source code to its executable image.

Symbol information is contained in the debug symbol table (DST) and global symbol table (GST) within the executable image. The DST contains detailed information about local and global symbols. The GST duplicates some of the global symbol information contained in the DST.

To facilitate symbol searches, the debugger loads symbol information from the DST and GST into a run-time symbol table (RST), which is structured for efficient symbol lookup. Unless symbol information is in the RST, the debugger does not recognize or properly interpret the associated symbol.

Because the RST takes up memory, the debugger loads it dynamically, anticipating what symbols you might want to reference in the course of program execution. The loading process is called module setting, because all symbol information for a given module is loaded into the RST at one time.

When your program is brought under debugger control, all GST records are loaded into the RST, because global symbols must be accessible throughout the debugging session. Also, the debugger sets the module that contains the main program (the routine specified by the image transfer address, where execution is paused at the start of a debugging session). You then have access to all global symbols and to any local symbols that should be visible within the main program.

Subsequently, whenever execution of the program is interrupted, the debugger sets the module that contains the routine in which execution is paused. (For Ada programs, the debugger also sets any module that is related by a with-clause or subunit relationship, as explained in the debugger's online help. Type Help Language_Support_Ada.) This enables you to reference the symbols that should be visible at that program location (in addition to the global symbols). This default mode of operation is called dynamic mode. When setting a module dynamically, the debugger issues a message such as the following:

    %DEBUG-I-DYNMODSET, setting module MOD4

If you try to reference a symbol that is defined in a module that has not been set, the debugger warns you that the symbol is not in the RST. You must then use the SET MODULE command to set the module containing that symbol explicitly. For example:

    DBG> EXAMINE X
    %DEBUG-E-NOSYMBOL, symbol 'X' is not in the symbol table
    DBG> SET MODULE MOD3
    DBG> EXAMINE X
    MOD3\ROUT2\X: 26
    DBG>

The SHOW MODULE command lists the modules of your program and identifies which modules are set.

When a module is set, the debugger automatically allocates memory as needed by the RST. This can eventually slow down the debugger as more modules are set. If performance becomes a problem, you can use the CANCEL MODULE command to reduce the number of set modules, which automatically releases memory. Or you can disable dynamic mode by entering the SET MODE NODYNAMIC command. When dynamic mode is disabled, the debugger does not set modules automatically. Use the SHOW MODE command to determine whether dynamic mode is enabled or disabled.

For additional information about module setting specific to Ada programs, see the debugger's online help (type Help Language_Support_Ada).

Section 5.4 explains how to set images and modules when debugging shareable images.

## 5.3 Resolving Symbol Ambiguities

Symbol ambiguities can occur when a symbol (for example, a variable name X) is defined in more than one routine or other program unit.

In most cases, the debugger resolves symbol ambiguities automatically, by using the scope and visibility rules of the currently set language and the ordering of routine calls on the call stack, as explained in Section 5.3.1.

However, in some cases the debugger might respond as follows when you specify a symbol that is defined multiple times:

- It might not be able to determine the particular declaration of the symbol that you intended. For example:

      DBG> EXAMINE X
      %DEBUG-W-NOUNIQUE, symbol 'X' is not unique
      DBG>

- It might reference the declaration that is visible in the current scope, which may not be the one you want.

To resolve such problems, you must specify a scope where the debugger should search for a particular declaration of the symbol. In the following example, the pathname COUNTER\X uniquely specifies a particular declaration of X:

    DBG> EXAMINE COUNTER\X
    COUNTER\X: 14
    DBG>

The following sections discuss scope concepts and explain how to resolve symbol ambiguities.

### 5.3.1 Symbol Lookup Conventions

This section explains how the debugger searches for symbols, resolving most potential symbol ambiguities using the scope and visibility rules of the programming language and also its own rules. Section 5.3.2 and Section 5.3.3 describe supplementary techniques that you can use when necessary.

You can specify symbols in debugger commands by using either a path name or the exact symbol.

If you use a path name, the debugger looks for the symbol in the scope denoted by the pathname prefix (see Section 5.3.2).

If you do not specify a pathname prefix, by default, the debugger searches the run-time symbol table (RST) as explained in the following paragraphs (you can modify this default behavior with the SET SCOPE command as explained in Section 5.3.3).

First, the debugger looks for symbols in the PC scope (also known as scope 0), according to the scope and visibility rules of the currently set language. This means that, typically, the debugger first looks within the block or routine surrounding the current PC value (where execution is currently paused). If the symbol is not found, the debugger searches the nesting program unit, then its nesting unit, and so on. The precise manner, which depends on the language, ensures that the correct declaration of a symbol that is defined multiple times is chosen.

However, you can reference symbols throughout your program, not just those that are visible in the PC scope as defined by the language. This is necessary so you can set breakpoints in arbitrary areas, examine arbitrary variables, and so on. Therefore, if the symbol is not visible in the PC scope, the debugger continues searching as follows.

After the PC scope, the debugger searches the scope of the calling routine (if any), then its caller, and so on. Symbolically, the complete scope search list is denoted (0,1,2,...,n), where 0 denotes the PC scope and n is the number of calls on the call stack. Within each scope (call frame), the debugger uses the visibility rules of the language to locate a symbol.

This search list, based on the call stack, enables the debugger to differentiate symbols that are defined multiple times in a convenient, predictable way.

If the symbol is still not found, the debugger searches the rest of the RST---that is, the other set modules and the global symbol table (GST). At this point the debugger does not attempt to resolve any symbol ambiguities. Instead, if more than one occurrence of the symbol is found, the debugger issues a message such as the following:

    %DEBUG-W-NOUNIQUE, symbol 'Y' is not unique

If you have used a SET SCOPE command to modify the default symbol search behavior, you can restore the default behavior with the CANCEL SCOPE command.

### 5.3.2 Using SHOW SYMBOL and Path Names to Specify Symbols Uniquely

If the debugger indicates that a symbol reference is not unique, use the SHOW SYMBOL command to obtain all possible path names for that symbol, then specify a path name to reference the symbol uniquely. For example:

    DBG> EXAMINE COUNT
    %DEBUG-W-NOUNIQUE, symbol 'COUNT' is not unique

    DBG> SHOW SYMBOL COUNT
    data MOD7\ROUT3\BLOCK1\COUNT
    data MOD4\ROUT2\COUNT
    routine MOD2\ROUT1\ROUT3\COUNT

    DBG> EXAMINE MOD4\ROUT2\COUNT
    MOD4\ROUT2\COUNT: 12
    DBG>

The command SHOW SYMBOL COUNT lists all declarations of the symbol COUNT that exist in the RST. The first two declarations of COUNT are variables (data). The last declaration listed is a routine. Each declaration is shown with its pathname prefix, which indicates the path (search scope) the debugger must follow to reach that particular declaration. For example, MOD4\ROUT2\COUNT denotes the declaration of the symbol COUNT in routine ROUT2 of module MOD4.

The pathname format is as follows. The leftmost element of a path name identifies the module containing the symbol. Moving toward the right, the path name lists the successively nested routines and blocks that lead to the particular declaration of the symbol (which is the rightmost element).

The debugger always displays symbols with their path names, but you need to use path names in debugger commands only to resolve an ambiguity.

The debugger looks up line numbers like any other symbols you specify (by default, it first looks in the module where execution is paused). A common use of path names is for specifying a line number in an arbitrary module. For example:

    DBG> SET BREAK QUEUE_MANAGER\%LINE 26

The SHOW SYMBOL command identifies global symbols twice, because global symbols are included both in the DST and in the GST. For example:

    DBG> SHOW SYMBOL X
    data ALPHA\X                ! global X
    data ALPHA\BETA\X           ! local X
    data X (global)             ! same as ALPHA\X
    DBG>

In the case of a shareable image, its global symbols are universal symbols and the SHOW SYMBOL command identifies universal symbols twice (see Section 5.1.2 and Section 5.4).

#### 5.3.2.1 Simplifying Path Names

Path names are often long. You can simplify the process of specifying path names in three ways:

- Abbreviate a path name
- Define a brief symbol for a path name
- Set a new search scope so you do not have to use a path name

To abbreviate a path name, delete the names of nesting program units starting from the left, but leave enough of the path name to specify it uniquely. For example, ROUT3\COUNT is a valid abbreviated path name for the routine in the first example of Section 5.3.2.

To define a symbol for a path name, use the DEFINE command. For example:

    DBG> DEFINE INTX = INT_STACK\CHECK\X
    DBG> EXAMINE INTX

To set a new search scope, use the SET SCOPE command, which is described in Section 5.3.3.

#### 5.3.2.2 Specifying Symbols in Routines on the Call Stack

You can use a numeric path name to specify the scope associated with a routine on the call stack (as identified in a SHOW CALLS display). The pathname prefix "0\" denotes the PC scope, the pathname prefix "1\" denotes scope 1 (the scope of the caller routine), and so on.

For example, the following commands display the current values of two distinct declarations of Y, which are visible in scope 0 and scope 2, respectively:

    DBG> EXAMINE 0\Y
    DBG> EXAMINE 2\Y

By default, the EXAMINE Y command signifies EXAMINE 0\Y.

See the SET SCOPE/CURRENT command description in Section 5.3.3. That command enables you to reset the reference for the default scope search list relative to the call stack.

#### 5.3.2.3 Specifying Global Symbols

To specify a global symbol uniquely, use a backslash (\) as a prefix to the symbol. For example, the following command displays the value of the global symbol X:

    DBG> EXAMINE \X

#### 5.3.2.4 Specifying Routine Invocations

When a routine is called recursively, you might need to distinguish among several calls to the same routine, all of which generate new symbols with identical names.

You can include an invocation number in a path name to indicate a particular call to a routine. The number must be a nonnegative integer and must follow the name of the rightmost routine in the path name. A 0 denotes the most recent invocation; 1 denotes the previous invocation, and so on. For example, if PROG calls COMPUTE and COMPUTE calls itself recursively, and each call creates a new variable SUM, the following command displays the value of SUM for the most recent call to COMPUTE:

    DBG> EXAMINE PROG\COMPUTE 0\SUM

To refer to the variable SUM that was generated in the previous call to COMPUTE, express the path name with a 1 in place of the 0.

When you do not include an invocation number, the debugger assumes that the reference is to the most recent call to the routine (the default invocation number is 0).

See the SET SCOPE/CURRENT command description in Section 5.3.3. That command enables you to reset the reference for the default scope search list relative to the call stack.

### 5.3.3 Using SET SCOPE to Specify a Symbol Search Scope

By default, the debugger looks up symbols that you specify without a pathname prefix by using the scope search list described in Section 5.3.1.

The SET SCOPE command enables you to establish a new scope for symbol lookup so that you do not have to use a path name when referencing symbols in that scope.

In the following example, the SET SCOPE command establishes the path name MOD4\ROUT2 as the new scope for symbol lookup. Then, references to Y without a pathname prefix specify the declaration of Y that is visible in the new scope.

    DBG> EXAMINE Y
    %DEBUG-E-NOUNIQUE, symbol 'Y' is not unique
    DBG> SHOW SYMBOL Y
    data MOD7\ROUT3\BLOCK1\Y
    data MOD4\ROUT2\Y

    DBG> SET SCOPE MOD4\ROUT2
    DBG> EXAMINE Y
    MOD4\ROUT2\Y: 12
    DBG>

After you enter a SET SCOPE command, the debugger applies the path name you specified in the command to all references that are not individually qualified with path names.

You can specify numeric path names with SET SCOPE. For example, the following command sets the current scope to be three calls down from the PC scope:

    DBG> SET SCOPE 3

You can also define a scope search list to specify the order in which the debugger should search for symbols. For example, the following command causes the debugger to look for symbols first in the PC scope (scope 0) and then in the scope denoted by routine ROUT2 of module MOD4:

    DBG> SET SCOPE 0, MOD4\ROUT2

The debugger's default scope search list is equivalent to entering the following command (if it existed):

    DBG> SET SCOPE 0,1,2,3,...,n

Here the debugger searches successively down the call stack to find a symbol.

You can use the SET SCOPE/CURRENT command to reset the reference for the default scope search list to another routine down the call stack. For example, the following command sets the scope search list to be 2,3,4,...,n:

    DBG> SET SCOPE/CURRENT 2

To display the current scope search list for symbol lookup, use the SHOW SCOPE command. To restore the default scope search list (see Section 5.3.1), use the CANCEL SCOPE command.

## 5.4 Debugging Shareable Images

By default, your program might be linked with several Compaq-supplied shareable images (for example, the run-time library image LIBRTL.EXE). This section explains how to extend the concepts described in the previous sections when debugging user-defined shareable images.

A shareable image is not intended to be directly executed. A shareable image must first be included as input in the linking of an executable image, and then the shareable image is loaded at run time when the executable image is run. You do not have to install a shareable image to debug it. Instead, you can debug your own private copy by assigning a logical name to it.

See the OpenVMS Linker Utility Manual for detailed information about linking shareable images.

### 5.4.1 Compiling and Linking Shareable Images for Debugging

The basic steps in compiling and linking a shareable image for debugging are as follows:

1. Compile the source files for the main image and for the shareable image, by using the /DEBUG qualifier.
2. Link the shareable image with the /SHAREABLE and /DEBUG command qualifiers and declare any universal symbols for that image. (A universal symbol is a global symbol that is defined in a shareable image and referenced in another image.)
3. Link the shareable image against the main image by specifying the shareable image with the /SHAREABLE file qualifier as a linker option. Also specify the /DEBUG command qualifier.
4. Define a logical name to point to the local copy of the shareable image. You must specify the device and directory as well as the image name. Otherwise the image activator looks for an image of that name in the system default shareable image library directory, SYS$SHARE.
5. Bring the main image under debugger control. The shareable image is loaded at run time.

These steps are shown next with a simple example. In the example, MAIN.FOR and SUB1.FOR are the source files for the main (executable) image; SHR1.FOR and SHR2.FOR are the source files for the shareable image to be debugged.

You compile the source files for each image as described in Section 5.1.

    $ FORTRAN/NOOPT/DEBUG MAIN,SUB1
    $ FORTRAN/NOOPT/DEBUG SHR1,SHR2

On VAX processors, use the LINK command with the UNIVERSAL linker option to create the shareable image and specify any universal symbols. For example:

    $ LINK/SHAREABLE/DEBUG SHR1,SHR2,SYS$INPUT:/OPTIONS
      UNIVERSAL=SHR_ROUT [Ctrl/Z]

On Alpha processors, use the LINK command with the SYMBOL_VECTOR option to create the shareable image and specify any universal symbols. For example:

    $ LINK/SHAREABLE/DEBUG SHR1,SHR2,SYS$INPUT:/OPTIONS
    SYMBOL_VECTOR=(SHR_ROUT=PROCEDURE) [Ctrl/Z]

In the previous examples:

- The /SHAREABLE command qualifier creates the shareable image SHR1.EXE from the object files SHR1.OBJ and SHR2.OBJ.
- The /OPTIONS qualifier appended to SYS$INPUT: enables you to specify the universal symbol SHR_ROUT.
- The /DEBUG qualifier builds a debug symbol table (DST) and a global symbol table (GST) for SHR1.EXE and puts them in that image. The GST contains the universal symbol SHR_ROUT.

You have now built the shareable image SHR1.EXE in your current default directory. Because SHR1.EXE is a shareable image, you do not execute it explicitly. Instead you link SHR1.EXE against the main (executable) image:

    $ LINK/DEBUG MAIN,SUB1,SYS$INPUT:/OPTIONS
    SHR1.EXE/SHAREABLE [Ctrl/Z]
    $

In the previous example:

- The LINK command creates the executable image MAIN.EXE from MAIN.OBJ and SUB1.OBJ.
- The /DEBUG qualifier builds a DST and a GST for MAIN.EXE and puts them in that image.
- The /SHAREABLE qualifier appended to SHR1.EXE specifies that SHR1.EXE is to be linked against MAIN.EXE as a shareable image.

When you execute the resulting main image, MAIN.EXE, any shareable images linked against it are loaded at run time. However, by default, the image activator looks for shareable images in the system default shareable image library directory, SYS$SHARE. Therefore, you must define the logical name SHR1 to point to SHR1.EXE in your current default directory. Be sure to specify the device and directory:

    $ DEFINE SHR1 SYS$DISK:[]SHR1.EXE

You can now bring both MAIN and SHR1 under debugger control by specifying MAIN with the debugger RUN command (after starting the debugger):

    $ DEBUG/KEEP
               Debugger Banner and Version Number
    DBG> RUN MAIN

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